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Territorio: Define	"<ul><li>A highly context-specific and fluid construct in Latin America</li><li>Broadly reveals power relations in space triggered by disputes/negotiations between global and local forces</li><li>Expressed through actions of ""territorially anchored groups""</li><li>Often understood through space, power, locality</li></ul>"	
Territorio: Importance	<ul><li>Useful framework in critically questioning historical + current power struggles, inequality, colonial legacies in LA</li><li>for de- and post- colonial studies</li></ul>	
Coloniality of power	<ul><li>Social classification based on race, conqueror/red</li><li>New structure of control over labour of resources/products</li></ul>	
Aztec	"<ul><li>""Class"": critical in shaping many aspects of women's experiences</li><li>Gender differentiation central to ideology, societal organization</li><li>Women held authority in pub/private realms</li><li>Rituals/ religion central to city</li></ul>"	
Incas	<ul><li>&nbsp;Mit'a system: form of labour tax where subjects contributed work to state projects</li><li>Bridges, effect of tourism</li></ul>	
Mapuche	<ul><li>Nomadic, then scattered farming villages</li><li>Inter-generational oral traditions, passing on culture (not Western tradition)</li></ul>	
Cities	<ul><li>Before: primarily ceremonial centers, but these reinforced conqueror's pre-disposition to settle/ organize cities</li><li>Cities aimed to capture population + replicate European feudal institutions + symbolic power</li><li>Grid-based street network, central plaza near geog. center of city, civic/religious/treasury/shopping</li><li>Mechanisms for extension of central political authority</li><li>Symbolically emblems of Spanish domination + Indian subjugation, military strong point</li></ul>	
Plantation production/ economy	Occupation by gradual settlement	
Quilombos	Communities beyond colonial power, outside of the Iberian colonial world, where runaway enslaved people avoided recapture	
Mestizaje: Define	"<ul><li>Racial mixing as a way to resolve ethnic-racial differences and social exclusion</li><li>Heirarchy based on ""purity of blood"" - political/racial category</li><li>Created a new sense of unity/ belonging in an uncertain society</li></ul>"	
Mestizaje: importance to course	Since colonial period, elites have used racial differences in various ways to legitimize their power and justify social stratification	
Urbanization, indig. pops	Urbanization accelerated decline of indig. pop, Mapuche people disspossessed of their territory	
Peruvian urbanism	Shift of ideals to beginning of modern state (worker housing)	
Urbanism inequalities	<ul><li>reinforced through structural differences (taxes, services), provision of services within districts</li><li>tension between formal (elite) and informal housing/livelihoods</li><li>Internal migration necessitates expansion of city</li></ul>	
Urbanisms social/ spatial inequalities	<ul><li>Fortified enclaves as protection/ status symbol</li><li>Walls/ removal of public spaces</li><li>Similar strategies attempted at some favelas to stop police abuse and drug dealing</li></ul>	
Informal housing	<ul><li>Current urban planning system + norms + land use regulation doesn't respond well to need for affordable housing</li><li>Lack of investment in some public infrastructure services</li><li>Internal spatial segregation: location on steep slope/ flood risk areas</li><li>Those that aren't: candidates for demolition + redevelopment ($$$)</li><li>Vulnerable peoples must continue to settle (new spatial divide, widens)</li></ul>	
Caudillo	<ul><li>Military man, ruler/ political boss of a country</li><li>Ruled violently, lots of glamour/ royalty</li><li>Ruled until death/defeat, fraudulent elections</li></ul>	
Personalistic dictatorships	Political periods in which power is concentrated in the hands of an individual autocrat<br><br>Often remains leader even after democracy begins (founding leader)	
Military junta	A form of state in which the military hierarchy occupies the central positions in the political realm<br><br>Controls the essential government posts and top positions within the state	
Junta: importance	Latam has had many coups	
Favela	<ul><li>An informal urban settlement, usually located on the peripheries of a city.</li><li>Built without oversight from public authorities and varying amounts &amp; quality of public infrastructure</li><li>Impartance: nearly 1/4 LatAm pop lives in a favela</li></ul>	
Favela removals + associations	<ul><li>Removals accelerated under military rule</li><li>Associations key in speeding up re-democratization</li></ul>	
Trujilloism	<ul><li>Public rituals/ sculptures/ de-ification (as shrines)</li><li>from having to rebuild from hurricane - urban space changed</li><li>Unceremoniously removed after assassination</li></ul>	
Collective values and memory	foundations of a culture and are strongly connected to the physical place they are generated from	
Collective values and memory: Buenos Aires, Argentina	Plaza del Mayo: Central pyramid remembering events leading to independence	
Memory: understood as...	<ol><li>a part of an official history (artificially crafted by ruling party)</li><li>personal narratives which can challenge official histories</li></ol>	
hilos conductores (2 meanings, significance)	<ul><li>conductive threads</li><li>main idea/ theme of a story</li><li>Chile + copper: Mining/ HQ global</li><li>mining is extractive: large amounts of water (privatized, exploited for profit)</li></ul>	
Can/ chile relations	Ont. teachers pension plan owns a large amount<br>can accepted many chilean refugees	
Marianne talked about	Food behaviour in latin american immigrants in toronto (and 2 other cities)	
African migration, why migration	directly and from other European colonies<br>- economic opportunities<br>- pathway to US<br>- active promotion (companies/corporations) for labour<br>- whitening	
Who migrated	Europeans, West Africans (arab), East Asians (china/japan)	
Sumud	palestinians living away remain part of the struggle for freedom, creating a uniform/ national narrative	
Neoliberalism	Econ/ Pol project that seeks to liberalize (often global) trade, privatize state-controlled industries/services, and introduce market-oriented management practices to reduced public sector	
Neoliberalism importance	<ul><li>Pol/ Econ restructuring in LA and emergence of neoliberalism at global scale are deeply intertwined</li><li>Supported by populist parties</li><li>Reforms have worsened uneven geographies of development</li></ul>	
Waves of intl migration	<ol><li>Lead wave</li><li>Andean wave (economic reasons)</li><li>Coup wave</li><li>Cental american wave (unrest)</li><li>Skilled worker immigrants</li></ol>	
"US undocumented migration, ""Prevention through Deterrence"""		
Intra-migration LA	<ul><li>Venezuela: unrest</li><li>Haitian, after earthquake -&gt; Brazil / Chile</li></ul>	
Migrant flows	have shaped LA's socio-cultural geographies significantly, but still face prejudices	
Territory	produced through constructing autonomy with/from modern territory, often striving towards horizontal power relations and collective forms of governance	
zapatista movement	"<ul><li>Mexican self-governance group</li><li>~22% of Indig. pop Chiapas belongs to it</li><li>Clear boundaries, ""a world where many worlds fit""</li></ul>"	
Right to nature in legal framework	Ecuador (...), brazil	
REDD+	<ul><li>UN: reduce forest emissions, national sustainable development (climate finance)</li><li>Brazil, costa rica, ecuador</li><li>Weak financial initiatives, neoliberal capitalism</li><li>carbon trading / offsets: commodification</li></ul>	
Red-washing	deception of general public by government/ industry to cover up theft of indigenous lands, national resources, cultural riches by pretending they have their best interests in mind<br><br>REDD+ criticized for this: poor consultation	
Pluriverse	rooted in pluralism: multiple, equally valid ways of experiencing the world, uses diversity/ difference<br><br>so worlds co-exist, inter-connected, each with different ways of being/knowing