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Health: define	Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (not merely the absence of illness or disease)	
Health definition criticisms	"<ul><li>a ""state"" rather than a ""process""</li><li>puts no boundaries on what is considered ""health""</li></ul>"	
Health determinants/ impacts	gender, age, income, education, smoking, occupation,...	
Health and PLACE	"<ul><li>health &lt;- def. can be described as part of an ""environment""</li><li>environmental context can play a large part in a person's health (in addition to genetics)</li></ul>"	
health+medical geography	using geographic concepts and spatial analysis to study the distribution of illness and level of community health at local and global scales (WHERE???)	
Space vs Place	Space: absolute location<br><br>Place: relational addressing to the human	
Epidemiology	the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why	
Mortality vs Morbidity	mortality: frequency of death in a defined population for an interval of time<br><br>morbidity: departure from wellbeing	
Why epidemiology?	determine, describe, document the course of diseases/health<br><br>planning for future and improving current health services	
Etiology	the cause of disease, health-related conditions, disabilities, ...<br><br>spatial factors/patterns exist that contribute to etiology of disease	
4 types of data for public health	<ol><li>Foundational Data</li><li>Population data</li><li>Health data</li><li>Health care data</li></ol>	
Foundational data	to establish spatial extents and relations<br><br>eg remote sensing, centrelines, imagery, boundaries, cadastral	
Population data	demographic info: US Census Bureau, Statscan<br>different hierarchy at different spatial levels	
Health Data	<ul><li>Vital statistics</li><li>Mortality records</li><li>Disease surveillance (active/passive, not perfect) and registries</li><li>Self-reported survey data</li></ul>	
Health care data	Health care facilities + utilization	
Geocoding	Finding geographic coordinates (lat long) based on street addresses /postal codes /etc	
MAUP	how things are zoned (boundaries) can change outcomes as well as the scale of the geographic unit used (greater or less local variation depending on size of area)	
Mapping process	<ol><li>Spatial data</li><li>Representations of data (points/ choropleth/ dot density/ ...)</li><li>Queries of data</li><li>Analysis of queries, how to display</li></ol>	
Clustering	Unusual/ unexpected concentrations of cases in space and/or time	
Spatial accessibility	access to health services<br><br>distance decay vs care: distance increases, usage decreases<br><br>also depends on population characteristics	
How to measure access in GIS	<ul><li>density based (how many in an area per ...?)</li><li>distance measure (euclidean vs network)</li><li>travel cost</li></ul><br>	
Social gradient in health	"<div><ul><li>it’s steep : represents very large differences in the length and healthfulness of life</li><li>it’s continuous : spans the entire social spectrum: not just about poor people</li><li>it’s not disease specific : exists for most major causes of death, illnesses, diseases</li><li>it’s ubiquitous: persistent over time and space inequalities within &amp; between societies</li></ul></div>


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Disease risk	Probability within an interval<br><br>Attributed to individual, modified by characteristics (risk factors)<br>Unobservable, but can be estimated using data	
Standardization steps	<ol><li>Get rates for each age group</li><li>Choose reference population</li><li>Multiply age-specific rates (1) by number of ppl in reference population age groups (2) -&gt; Expected rates</li><li>Add expected number of deaths for each age group</li><li>Divide total number of expected deaths by std. pop</li></ol>	
Indirect: Standardized mortality ratio	observed num. deaths / expected num. deaths	
Environmental health	prevention, control of health problems that can be related to the environment<br><br>water, air, food<br>can relate to built and natural environment<br>map locations of hazards, point source pollution (sewer), non-point source (motor veh. emissions, pesticides)	
GIS Flowcharting	Files / feature classes: OVALS<br><br>Functions / Tools: RECTANGLE	
GIS Explaining	state important inputs, formulas, fields	
Geographic data quality properties	<ol><li>Lineage (history)</li><li>Accuracy: positional, attribute (level of accuracy)</li><li>Completeness</li><li>Logical consistency</li><li>Temporal properties (no mismatch)</li></ol>	
Infant mortality rate	( num child dying / num live births ) * 1000	
Types of clustering methods	Global: is there clustering<br>Local: where is the cluster?	
Morans vs Getis	Moran: clustering and dispersion (esp in comparison to itself and other nbhs)<br>Getis: clustering only (of high or low values)	
Spatial weights matrices	rook, queen<br>distance	
Spatial access: Density	Container approach<br><br>Coverage approach (fixed buffer from points of origin)	
Network analyst	Route<br>Service Area<br>closest facility<br>OD Cost matrix<br>location allocation	
Need network - build network		
OD Cost matrix	Based on network distance<br>Displays euclidean	
Allocation	network buffers / service areas	
Biomonitoring	Using body tissues/fluids to detect chemicals in body<br>Not ideal for use with GIS, not population based approach	
Interpolation: estimating unknown value	IDW: point more influenced by nearby known points<br><br>average, weighted by distance<br><br>value can never be less than the minimum value (weights can never be negative)